第一步,浏览文章的大标题、副标题和图片,这么做的目的是对于文章有一个基本的认识。
第二步, 划掉示例中的选项。因为例子中的选项不可能再被重复使用。
第三步, 阅读所有选项,标出关键词。这一步非常重要,可以提高阅读时的敏感度。在划关键词的过程中同时要注意甄别干扰选项,其中我们遇到两种常见的干扰选项有:
a. 与主题大相径庭
b.一组相似选项
例 出处:剑 3 Test 2 Passage 2
相似选项 : ii. The environmental impact of modern farming
iii. farming and soil erosion
vii. farming and food output
在这三个选项中同时出现了farming,所以学生在划关键词时要特意注意每个选项剩下来的部分,比如ii选项强调的是environmental impact,iii是soil erosion,vii是food output。
第四步,略读文章段落,开始解题。注意我们需要特别关注的中心句可能出现的几处地方:
a.中心句在第一句
绝大多数的英语文章均采用演绎法 (deductive method) 来写,这个时候,判断的标准就是看第二句话是否是支持细节。支持细节经常会有以下特征:
a)有举例信号词:For example, for instance, sometimes, often 等。
b)有专有名词,如人名、地名等。
c) 首句有there be 句型。
d)当段落首句出现由下列动词引导的宾语从句时 Show, suggest , believe, find, reveal, indicate
例 The role of governments in environmental management is difficult but inescapable. Sometimes, the state tries to manage the resources it owns, and does so badly. …. (剑 3, Test 2, Passage 2 )
Answer: Governments and management of the environment
b.中心句在第二句或后半句
这种情况往往是由于第一句是让步句、过渡句或者是介绍句导致的。让步句的常见信号词有:although/though, while, in spite of/ despite 等(重心在后半句);过渡句常见的信号词有: not only…but also… (重心在后半句)。
例An intellectual breakthrough, brilliant though it may be, does not automatically ensure that the transition is made from theory to practice. Despite the fact that rockets had been used sporadically for several hundred years, they remained a relatively minor artefact of civilizations until the twentieth century. … (剑 3, Test 1, Passage 1 )
Answer: undeveloped for centuries
考生需注意因为第二句出现了让步信号词:Despite the fact ,所以我们的中心句落到了第二点。答案的undeveloped正是同义替换了remained a relatively minor artefact of civilizations这个部分。
c.中心句在转折信号词后
这种情况通常是由于作者之前陈述的观点是不正确的,因此作者推翻之前的结论,而新的结论就在转折词之后。这类转折词有 however, but 和 instead 等。
例 In the UK, travel times to work had been stable for at least six centuries… However, public infrastructure did not keep pace with urban sprawl, causing massive congestion problems which now make commuting times far higher. (剑 6 , Test 2, Passage 1 )
Answer: Increases in travelling time
考生需注意虽然段首句说的是时间稳定,但是在转折信号词:however之后,时间变成了far higher,所以答案同义替换成incereases in time。
d. 中心句在分散在段落中( A+B )
有些段落的段落大意仅根据一句话并不能判断出来,需要抓住文章中的两句甚至几句中心句。这种段落往往会有并列结构,如 also, in addition, furthermore 等。
例Agriculture consumes about 70% of the world’s fresh water, so improvements in irrigation can make the greatest impact. … After agriculture, industry is the second biggest user of water… (剑 6, G 类 Test A, Section 3 )
Answer: The thirsty sectors
考生需注意段首句只提到了农业用水最多,但是在并列连接词:after agriculture过渡以后,这句话提到了工业用水第二多,所以答案:thirsty指代的是两句话用水多的情况,sector是指农业和工业。
e.中心句在段落末句
这种情况在雅思阅读中并不多见,因为西方人写文章时较少使用归纳法 (inductive method) 。如果一个段落开头就开始举例,中间也没有任何表达作者主旨的内容, 那么就要考虑末句了。
例 From this point of view, scientific method may more usefully be thought of as a way of writing up research rather than a way of carrying it out.(剑 3, Test 1, passage 3 )
Answer: How research is done and how it is reported