before and after studies

We found 102 studies conducted in 39 countries; 60 were designed before and 42 after the guidelines were issued.

研究发现，在39个国家进行的102项研究中，60项研究设计于指南发表前，42项研究设计于指南发表后。

Also, they did not take into consideration the changes in prescribing patterns before and after the regulatory warnings between 2003 and 2005, which have been highlighted in other studies.

而且，他们也没有将考虑过2003年- 2005年间在强制性警告发布前后开药模式上的变化。这在其他研究中都得到了明确指出。

Two randomized controlled trials (RCTs), one before-and-after study and two retrospective reports on clinical efficacy and safety were retrieved, together with 18 pharmacokinetic studies.

检索到与临床功效和安全性相关的两个随机对照试验(rct)、一个前后对照研究、两个回顾性报告，以及18个药物动力学研究。